Personal Narrative A Volleyball Life - 1393 Words

A Volleyball Life The gyms are full of hot and sweaty people. No air conditioning, but with just a little wind from some fans over head. People bump into each other in the crowded rooms. Whistles are blowing, players are yelling with excitement, while some are upset about a loss. Teams are winning and teams are losing. Outside, the beach waves are washing up onto the sand. The sounds of seagulls’ wings flapping against the air. Children splashing the water with excitement. The first match of the day is being played. The game is tight. Teams are going back and forth. The Blackhawks are in the lead at one point then the Twisters are in the lead the next. Final set point, Twisters get the win for the first set. Finally onto the second.†¦show more content†¦Players wondering to themselves, how did the Blackhawks get this big of a lead? Twisters fans quiet, not much to say. All the spectators are in complete shock. The players make a slow walk back out to the court. The Twisters break the Blackhawks serving streak to make it 10-4. The Twisters are back in the game. They expand their score to 10-9. One side of the crowd is cheering of excitement, while the other is incomplete shock. Twisters expand to a lead of 15-10. Crowd is hot, tired, but also excited for the game. Then it stops, becomes silent. Both teams, go and sit at their benches, while the officials meet in the middle to talk about the previous play. It has been five minutes since the play was out on pause. Still no decision has been made. So the officials call in the line judges. After about 8 minutes of discussion, the officials come over the microphone. â€Å" We were having troubles of a call. There were a total of 3 different calls made. The â€Å"down† official called the ball out, while the line judge called it in. Then you guys put your opinions in it and also called it both in and out. Since there is no camera, we can’t do a video review. Our choice as the 2 officials and 2 line judges is that we are going to call the ball out, and give the ball to the Blackhawks. That was the best decision to make†, explained the first official. Shortly after the official call was made, some parts of the was cheering because they were pleased with the call,Show MoreRelatedCultural Study Of Anthropology Of Sports1493 Words   |  6 Pageshabitus, with a sub-heading thus: the socio-cultural study of the body. The fifth heading is on nationalisation theories. The sixth heading is on globalisation theory. The seventh heading is on feminist theory. Finally the eighth heading will be on volleyball. There are several approaches to the study of sports. However, in this study, the above mentioned theoretical approaches captured as â€Å"headings† are the purview in which this study is conducted. 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The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 834 Words

Introduction: Arthur Miller has created John Proctor the protagonist of The Crucible to be a 30 year old farmer in Salem, Massachusetts, powerful of body, even-tempered and not easily led. John speaks his mind when he recognizes injustice. He is highly respected, even feared, by some in Salem. His name is synonymous with honour and integrity. He takes pleasure in exposing hypocrisy and is respected for it. However John is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion of the time but against his own vision of decent conduct, he has come to regard himself as a kind of fraud. After admitting to lechery, John is accused of witchcraft, on this charge he is condemned. Monologue: The walls close in around me. I cannot not escape the endless, darkened walls of this cell. I sit in the corner, I see the sharp corners at each edge of the room. The dismal paint on each of the walls carries a burden of memories where men and women drawing closer and closer to their death had been scraping at the walls. Looking up from the corner of the cell, I see the light coming down from the window, it is the only hope and light that is left in this retched room in which they have confined me. These past months the nights have been long and cold, the days lonely and sad. But the choice is this, confess or hang. It is my word they want, and they will come for me soon. Every day I hear another person being taken from this place, these people are innocent and they be dying like animals, howShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to m ake sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. 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Cloning6 Essay Example For Students

Cloning6 Essay Twenty years from now, as you are walking around the square in Wilkes Barre, you pass someone who looks exactly like you. They have your same brown eyes, round face, light brown hair, short stature, and even the same dimples you possess. Can you imagine the shock and even fright that may accompany such a sighting? The world was bewildered when the news that an adult mammal was produced without any eggs being fertilized with sperm. The results of Dolly surprised society and the idea that human cloning was possible created an uproar. Many people disagree with cloning for ethical reasons. Opponents want human cloning banned, saying it would only create problems. On the other hand, scientists say it could have other benefits such as duplicating embryos for in vitro and replacing a dying child (Masci 1). Others argue that human cloning would open doors for treatments of serious diseases. Cloning human beings could be beneficial, says Ruth Macklin, a professor of bioethics at the Albert Ei nstein College of Medicine in New York City (Masci 2). One way in which cloning could be beneficial in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process. Cloning Research may improve IVF, in which an egg is removed from a womans uterus, fertilized by a donated sperm, and then implanted into the uterus. Cloning could improve the effectiveness of IVF. Robert Stillman, one of the investigators in a recent cloning experiment, stated, If a woman has only a single egg to be fertilized, the chances of a successful pregnancy are only about ten percent. He continues, If more then four embryos are implanted, the success rates rise dramatically (Stillman 1993). Cloning embryos could split one embryo into four and then increase the pregnancy rate for many women across the world. Splitting the embryos would avoid the procedure having to be done numerous times. It would reduce the physical risks as well as financial costs. Cloning may also offer new options for couples who are unable to produce children t he normal egg-sperm way. If the couple doesnt want to use a surrogate mother or father, cloning gives the option of still having a child. However, the child would be an exact replica of one of the parents. Cloning could bring hope into many couples lives. Another possible use might involve cloning a son or daughter. This use of cloning could help couples too old to produce their own children. It can also help couples who have lost a child to a murder or kidnapping. Producing a child who is identical to their past might relieve some of the pain. In addition to aiding in reproduction, cloning might help find treatments for certain diseases. Studying how the cells work could lead scientists in the right direction. Some cells in the human body can only perform a certain function. If there were a need for that type of cell, scientists would be able to clone it so it will then perform its function that may be needed in the body. Learning how cells perform different functions can lead to d iscovering effective treatments for diseases such as cancer. Learning how cells work can also provide scientists with the knowledge of how tissues form. Cloning could form these tissues which would aid in transplants. Cloning tissues, organs, and even bone marrow could increase the success rate in surgery. All of these examples could be beneficial; however, many scientists still think cloning will cause problems. Wilmut, the scientist who cloned Dolly the sheep, feels that social and ethical arguments still outweigh the scientific benefits (Masci 3). Many researchers believe that there are other ways then cloning to find treatments for diseases and to provide strength in transplants. I cant at the moment honestly see anything in this (cloning) that is going to tell us something about humans that we cant find out in experimentally more acceptable animals like mice and sheep, says Collin Stewart, Director of the Laboratory for Cancer Developmental Biology at the governments Advanced Biosciences Laboratories in Fredrick, Maryland. .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db , .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db .postImageUrl , .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db , .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db:hover , .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db:visited , .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db:active { border:0!important; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db:active , .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47dc80ef155f6e25c715b37eaf8331db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Crucible: The Lady Of Shalott EssayMany of the arguments by people who disagree with cloning point to the lack of data about its effects. Whether it is the lack of humanness, loss of individual identity or uniqueness, or religious

Seven Great Virtues Benjamin Franklin Presentation free essay sample

There are many views on him that show him In a good light and some that how him in a bad light. There are some that saw that he was shallow and didnt show great religious passions for the man who came to America to bring about religious tolerance. While others say that he was an exemplar of the personal character and civic virtue that are too often missing in todays world. Even after all of these opinions his actions showed that he wanted to live a good life through good works and making other peoples lives better. The first of the seven great virtues talked about how Franklin didnt really care about what people thought about his opinions.He created an Alice In order to get his linings printed by his brothers shop. They talked about how Franklin didnt like the Puritan way of government. We will write a custom essay sample on Seven Great Virtues: Benjamin Franklin Presentation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He thought that church and state needed to be separate, however you should not leave your religious beliefs behind. Throughout Franklins life he did a lot of compromising, the one thing that he would not compromise on was his aversion to tyranny. These beliefs made him become a founding father for his views on English taxes and other things. Freedom of expression is one of the basic rights that Americans have, in fact it is in the First Amendment.Benjamin Franklin strongly believed in the importance of freedom of expression. Not only was it important to be able to living in a society that wasnt always monitored and controlling but it go rid of tyranny. He said that if there was tyranny then there is no freedom of expression. When he first opened up his own paper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, he realized that there wouldnt be any need for a paper if people didnt have their own opinions because everybody would be say peoples opinions but at the same time it was his responsibility to not let things be published that can do real damage to a person.When he was a candidate in the 1764 Pennsylvania Assembly election there was some very nasty articles and pamphlets miming out about his life. This is to be expected during an election but these were the most brutal things said during any election, and yet Franklin didnt even thinking about taking an action towards them because he saw that they were Just voicing their opinions and it wasnt his Job to take away their right of expression. To us this right is sometimes taken for granted because weve always had it but for Franklin it was extremely important. Caisson said democracy was build on a fo undation of unbridled free speech. This is very true because without this freedom of speech a necromancy would be very hard. Franklin was a man who understood people and their ways of thinking a lot better than most give him credit for. Human being never want to see the flaws in themselves. This is why when you tell someone something that they arent going to like you either have to come right out and say it or you have to disguise it as something else, usually something funny. Franklin was very good at this. He used fake characters a lot of time to tell his opinions and show his intentions. Another tactic he used was hoaxes he wrote a hoax called, The Speech of Poly Baker.This as about a young woman who was being put on trial for having her 5th illegitimate child and she told about what happened to her that made her the way she was, and after she was acquitted she married a Judge a day later. This is Just one example of the things that Franklin did to get the messages across to society. Franklin saw that using humor was the best way to make political points. He also saw that America would always be strongest when it was confident enough and self-aware enough, to laugh at itself. In this essay it also talked about Franklins views on humility and how he found nullity to be very useful throughout his life.He believes that one can never have too much humility because if you have too much than that can cause you to be proud of the humility you have and will cause you to start all over in your need to be more humble. I believe that this is true. Having humility can help in all aspects of life, if you arent going on about your own accomplishments in life and let the person you are talking to tell you all about their accomplishments it will make them feel like you are a great friend and in turn will want to do more for you. Franklin used this tactic when e wanted to launch the first subscription lending library in America.He used his club Junta to do this, during the clubs existence he always thought it best to hear everyones point of view so when he came up with this idea he began to put it into everyones head to it seemed like their own idea and it worked. To many this seems like a sort of manipulation but this is the way people think. If you want something that requires the help of others making them feel like they came up with the idea by themselves will only help your case, and in time the truth will come out of who really amen up with the idea. From England Franklin went to France to try and get them on our side of the war.In order to do this he used a couple of tactics. The fist being the calculations of national interests and the second being he wanted them to see America as exceptional and unique. He began by publishing documents from America to try and win over the hearts of all of the French people. He echoed many great writers in order to do so. Franklin also thought his appearance was a very important part of this process. He made sure to wear his powdered wig and formal dress instead of the fur cap he got room Canada. This style helped the people see the person that they imagined he would be from his background.All of these factors worked too, and he decided to stick with them even after the treaty had been signed. Many believed that Franklin never had the background as a printers foreman because of the status he had achieved in Europe. Benjamin Franklin saw the importance of the balance between idealism and realism. Without these two ideas combining the treaty with France may never have come about. Compromise is the key to success in any area where there are two sides. Franklin saw hat compromise would be a necessary step during the Constitutional Convention if America was going to come about with everybody happy.In fact the motto that he lived a lot of this life by was, Both sides must part with some of their demands. He used this motto because you need to have a win-win situation with people otherwise it will only cause more problems in the future. Even though he didnt completely agree with the compromise about representation that was made a the Constitutional Convention he saw its importance from a political stand point and from a moral stand point. Caisson said it wonderfully when he said, Tolerance, humility and a respect for other required it. As it stated in the essay that American religious tolerance was not born with it but they had to acquire it. Franklin saw the needs of each of the different religious. After leaving the Puritan Boston for Philadelphia he began to see all the different religious together in one city and not fighting over anything and embracing the idea of religious tolerance. Franklin wrote parodies about the Puritans who had a great amount of intolerance to make people see how silly they were being about believing hat there could be different religions being in the same city.During the July 4th celebration one year he was too sick to leave his bed and so the parade came right underneath his window where he could see all the different religious leaders walking together in peace. When he died every clergyman of the city accompanied his casket, which was exactly what he would have wanted. Benjamin Franklin went to great lengths to make this country what he thought it should be. He used his ideas of tyranny and freedom of expression to help bring about democracy. In addition to that he used his humor and humility to help people e the mistakes that they were making.

Heroes in society essays

Heroes in society essays Everyone has heroes, but each and every single one differs in what values and characteristics they possess. My heroes are no exception to this truth. When I was younger, my heroes tended to be more inclined toward super heroes. If a person did not wear tights and a cape, could not shoot beams from their eyes, or could not fly then they could not possibly be heroes, or so my immature little brain once thought. As Ive grown and become more mature, my idea of a hero also has been evolving in the same manner. My thoughts have now become more complex and I can fathom intangible matters, allowing me to associate these characteristics with what a hero truly is. When I was young, my heroes consisted of Goku, Spiderman, and Superman. What went on in my head was along the lines that I had always learned that a hero helps people, and it seemed that this was all super heroes ever did. In the simplest terms possible, yes, this is what a hero does, he or she helps, but I could not understand that someone didnt need superpowers to be a hero. I could not comprehend how someone could help a person spiritually; all I could see was the physical aid that was usually incorporated in the cartoons or comics that I read or watched. This barrier was crossed when I began to understand these intangible concepts such as loyalty, integrity, and trust. My ideas of a hero began to change a lot during my late grade school years. This might be attributed to the fact that I read so much and I learned more about such intangible qualities as the ones that I mentioned above. Sometime around then, I read an article about the changing of heroes in the comic book industry. In the beginning of the comic book industry, the stories never involved any of the emotional or private sides of the heroes themselves. All that ever happened was an evil villain appeared and they fought. It was not until Spiderman that the private life and mental strains of being a supe...

Free Essays on A Hope In The Unseen

The world is not promised to young men like Cedric Lavar Jennings. But sometimes they find a way to make it deliver. Such is the inspirational story of A Hope in the Unseen, by Wall Street Journal writer Ron Suskind, a remarkably intimate work that documents the talents, frustrations and aspirations of a poor but determined black teenager before and after his successful bid to attend a top-notch college. All that Cedric wants is a shot at the American Dream: He wants to go to school, work hard, and make something of himself. Not an easy task for a kid from Southeast Washington, D.C., whose mother is an input clerk at a federal agency and whose drug-dealing father is pulling time in a Northern Virginia prison. Harder still at Frank W. Ballou Senior High, where Cedric, a junior, is the curve-wrecker the guy whose name means nerd. Students mock him as "whitey" because he excels in a special math-and-science program and takes his grades seriously. In a school plagued by shootings, knifings and drugs, it's amazing that Cedric survives. Surely his success is an act of faith, right? That question not only propels this intriguing celebration of spirit, it also exposes the crack in Cedric's otherwise galvanized existence. He doubts. And with each success, the doubts sound louder. Still, for most of his 16 years, Cedric lives in a triangulation among home (a 19-inch television is a treasured possession), school, and the Scripture Cathedral a strict, largely blue-collar, Pentecostal church that preaches sacrifice, faith and devotion. His mother Barbara, ever attentive to the provident Bishop Long, is a churchwoman in good stead. She tithes the expected 10 percent of her hard-earned minimum-wage salary, cooks for church functions, and attends weekday evening services. Cedric prays, sings well, and knows scripture so well that when a teacher misquotes Hebrews 11:1, saying: "The substance of faith is a hope in the unseen," Cedric corr... Free Essays on A Hope In The Unseen Free Essays on A Hope In The Unseen The world is not promised to young men like Cedric Lavar Jennings. But sometimes they find a way to make it deliver. Such is the inspirational story of A Hope in the Unseen, by Wall Street Journal writer Ron Suskind, a remarkably intimate work that documents the talents, frustrations and aspirations of a poor but determined black teenager before and after his successful bid to attend a top-notch college. All that Cedric wants is a shot at the American Dream: He wants to go to school, work hard, and make something of himself. Not an easy task for a kid from Southeast Washington, D.C., whose mother is an input clerk at a federal agency and whose drug-dealing father is pulling time in a Northern Virginia prison. Harder still at Frank W. Ballou Senior High, where Cedric, a junior, is the curve-wrecker the guy whose name means nerd. Students mock him as "whitey" because he excels in a special math-and-science program and takes his grades seriously. In a school plagued by shootings, knifings and drugs, it's amazing that Cedric survives. Surely his success is an act of faith, right? That question not only propels this intriguing celebration of spirit, it also exposes the crack in Cedric's otherwise galvanized existence. He doubts. And with each success, the doubts sound louder. Still, for most of his 16 years, Cedric lives in a triangulation among home (a 19-inch television is a treasured possession), school, and the Scripture Cathedral a strict, largely blue-collar, Pentecostal church that preaches sacrifice, faith and devotion. His mother Barbara, ever attentive to the provident Bishop Long, is a churchwoman in good stead. She tithes the expected 10 percent of her hard-earned minimum-wage salary, cooks for church functions, and attends weekday evening services. Cedric prays, sings well, and knows scripture so well that when a teacher misquotes Hebrews 11:1, saying: "The substance of faith is a hope in the unseen," Cedric corr...

Identify and explain the potential claims which arise from these Essay

Identify and explain the potential claims which arise from these facts. In your view does the law strike fair balance between the rights of Colin, Toby and Sue - Essay Example It may be an act of omission or commission. Tort may arise out of commission as when the defendant makes a noise by running of his mill. It may arise out of omission where the defendant does not secure his cow which then runs on the neighbour’s garden and damages his precious plantation. Occupier of premises: Usually the occupier of the premises is the owner thereof but sometimes the tenant may be the occupier, and sometimes the person who is given the charge of carrying out repairs when the landlord is living elsewhere. Trespass: Trespass is the violation of property of the claimant by the defendant. It may be caused by entering into a property which is fenced with a warning to keep out. In cases where the defendant strays on to the property because there is no other way to reach his destination the trespass id not actionable. Nuisance: Nuisance is the violation of the right to enjoyment of property, for the purposes of this paper, nuisance should be taken to mean that the act or omission is causing disturbance in the claimant’s enjoyment of the property which includes rights that arise of the land. Trespasser’s rights and liabilities: The trespasser is guilty of trespass and liable in torts for that intrusion in another’s property when he has not entered in to the property either by invitation or authority or otherwise when he has no duty to enter the premises. The circumstances give rise to multiple claims for all three parties against each other. The trespass and subsequent damage to the chicken run and loss of business caused due to the chicken straying gives rise to cause of action for Colin against Toby. Colin also has a remedy in criminal law against Toby. Under the Occupier Liability Act 1984, Toby has a claim against Colin for the physical damage suffered by him. Sue has a right of action against Colin for the nuisance caused to her due to the increased noise caused by the straying chicken. As occupier of the

Mutual Exclusion in Multiprocessor Systems Essay

Mutual Exclusion in Multiprocessor Systems - Essay Example This issue can be resolved by employing an appropriate mutual exclusion of the programs and their resources so that no two programs would request for the same resource if one of them is using it already. Therefore, under many occasions, it is important for the programs to recognise the usage of any of the resources and should provide for resolving the same at the earliest possible opportunity. This paper aims at studying the possible mutual exclusion algorithms that are employed in a uni-processor system and in a multi-processor system. With reference to the execution of a code or a section of a code, these should not be executed by two processes at the same time. They are to be critical code. Assuming that there will be multiple processes running on multiple processors, there could be more than one process requesting for the same resource. It is important for all the requesting processes to allow one process to run at a time. Mutual exclusion algorithms should ideally provide lee-way for the following options: 1. Freedom from deadlock: Locking is the simplest way of avoiding repeat use of critical processes. While locking can be effective for stopping execution of a job, when another one is running, it might not be fool proof. For instance, if process 1 locks a critical section A for its use and it makes use of section B for execution of the section A and suppose process 2 locks section B and for its execution if it needs section A which is locked already by process 1, then a dead lock occurs. (Figure 1). Any successful mutual exclusion should also avoid deadlocking. 2. Freedom from Livelocking: This is a desirable requirement for the algorithms offering the mutual exclusion. This would ensure that there is no permanent lock existing for any process; a corollary of the deadlocking. But it also says that if some process wants to enter a critical section, one such process will enter the critical section. This implies that the one

Experiments in Art and Technology Essay Example for Free

Experiments in Art and Technology Essay The new interface I will define is one in which the artist makes active use of the inventiveness and skills of an engineer to achieve his purpose. The artist could not complete his intentions without the help of an engineer. The artist incorporates the work of the engineer in the painting or the sculpture or the performance. what a perfect synergy! Introduction ‘Experiments in Art and technology’ (E. A. T. ) is an aged non profit making and tax exempted organization instituted as far back as 1966 by renounced engineers and artists. The engineers included the persons of Billy Kluver and Fred Waldhauer, while the artists, the persons of Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman. Experiments in Art and Technology was pioneered from the experience of a popular work titled – ‘9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering’. The notable event was of the 69th ‘Regiment Armory in new York City, United State of America† (October 1966). About 40 engineers and 10 popular artists symbiotically worked together to put up an engineered and equally artistic performances. With the works of E. A. T. , artists and engineers’ relationships have received huge boost, thereby stimulating the willingness and participation of industries in artistic events. Companies’ cooperation through sponsorship is one of the achievements of E. A. T. There was fast expression of interest in the group over the space of time. Three years after the inauguration of Experiments in Art and Technology, the organization recorded over 4,200 memberships of diversified artists and engineers all around the United States of America, South America, Japan, Canada and every other interested industry all over the world. Through the process towards achieving the aim of E. A. T. , there was a local program within the group named the Technical Services Program. This program enhanced the effective collaboration of artists working hand-in-hand with engineers on a specific assignment/project. This was made possible by a deliberate effort at pinning suitable artists with appropriate engineers for synergic results. The program also assisted the collaborators in reaching out to industries and corporate-business communities in meeting the needs to accomplish outstanding project. Furthermore, E. A. T. commissioned inter-field projects and events which were anchored by artists involving the use of new technological woks. Some of the projects included the earlier mentioned ‘9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering† in 1966’, ‘Some More Beginning in 1968’ – the later happened to mark the start of ‘exhibition of art and technology. The exhibition was held at a museum in Brooklyn. Included in the list of the project was the â€Å"artist-engineer collaborations to design and program the Pepsi Pavilion at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan. † Picture showing First meeting of E. A. T. in November 1966 The Story of Experiments in Art and Technology When Andy Warhol was trying to create floating light bulbs, he asked Billy Kluver for his kind assistance. Kluver, who was an engineer working at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, rejected the plea but instead promised to offer him a wrapper usually use to wrap sandwiches, the material is silvery. Warhol fashioned the material into a rectangular object called Mylar today. Injecting Helium into this Mylar created a floating funhouse mirrors in 1966. This example of collaboration between artists and scientists was a motivation to forming Experiments in Art and Technology (E. A. T. ). The artist-engineer collaboration in E. A. T. was formalized at the event of â€Å"9 Evenings; Theatre and Engineering†, (Oct. 1966, in New York). The program exposed audience to â€Å"state-of-the-art performances and music† from about 50 artists and engineers. Technology electrified things in an appreciable ways, e. g. â€Å"Dancers tripped light switches by moving their legs past photo-cells, and a tennis game was amplified through microphones in the rackets. The compliment received was overwhelming reflecting the need for engineers in artistic works. E. A. T. was then established in November, and by the early 70s it had already absorbed networks of over 6,000 members. â€Å"Throughout the lifespan of E. A. T. , affiliated groups produced over 500 artworks; most common was the body-oriented performance or supercharged minimalist sculpture. One of the most memorable projects commissioned was the Pepsi Pavilion of Expo 1970 Osaka. There, over 60 artists and engineers contributed to the interactive exhibits inside the futuristic dome† The Pepsi Pavilion at Expo 70 Osaka with Fujiko Nakayas mist shroud Aims and objectives of E. A. T. The non profit making organization was vibrant primarily within the two decades of its institution in 1966 by Billy Kluver, Fred waldhauer, Robert Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman. It was carved out of the need to ‘mobilize the ingredients of arts, industry and science around collective projects, calling the participation from different disciplines. E. A. T. also aimed at encouraging the technical harmony towards the realization of new means of expressing arts using modern technological equipment such as computer-made images, sounds, video, (audiovisual), manufacturing materials and robotics. To start with, ‘Experiments in Art and Technology’ brought artists and engineers together to enlighten the participants in order to accustom them with â€Å"tele-writing and satellite transmission using telecommunication technology†. In addition, E. A. T. aimed at giving the developing countries around an ease of Communication Bridge through certain project assignments. In pursuance of these goals, E. A. T. began opening annexes in the US, Canada and Japan. Other Projects Projects realized at the advent of interdisciplinary included: The Anand Project of 1969, this project aided educational television whereby public spaces were linked together to facilitate interactions irrespective of the distance apart. Through this, different countries all around the world can exchange disturbing questions even about a common uncertainty. For example, â€Å"Anand Dairy Cooperative in Baroda (India); Telex: QA (1971), which linked public spaces in New York (U. S. ), Ahmadabad (India), Tokyo (Japan) and Stockholm (Sweden) by telex† Still among the projects is the ‘Children and Communication in 1972’this particular project piloted the enabling of children within the suburb of New York City, to exchange conversation with telex, telephone and fax machine. Also, in El Salvador is a project to fashion out methods for storing culture and tradition in the region (1973). Collection of E. A. T. ’s Published Documents Detailing the activities of Experiments in Art and Technology in 1980; over 400 documents were stored in archive ranging from information bulletins, exhibition catalogues, periodicals, photocopies of press clippings, proposals, lectures, announcements newsletters reprints of major articles, among others. The archive was deposited at major libraries in New York, Moscow of Russia, Washington in U. S., Paris in France et cetera. The archive was aimed at monument the reflection of E. A. T. ’s wide geographical tentacle with technical and artistic diversity. Technical Service Program (1966-1973) Technical service program (TSP), founded as a subgroup in mid 60s, permits specialist in art and engineering to collaborate with the aim of meeting the artist’s technological needs without interruption in the team projected design and developmental stages. Highly technical projects were accomplished with this partnership. This collaboration was publicized when E. A. T. group came up with EAT News that announced projects at different stages of completion. Still, was the periodic public forum held on upcoming technologies such as ‘lasers and holography. ’ The TSP came to an end in 1973 Technical Information (1966) This program provided consulting services for artists. The service provisions included ‘technical libraries’ for artists in New York and telephone assistance line operated by engineers from E. A. T. offices. The library collection features documented activities of EAT from ‘60s to ‘80s. More on â€Å"9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering† (1966-2005) These were series of events that catapulted performances of artists and engineers working in unison as an E. A. T. group. The performances broke down inter-relationship barrier. It went does: Billy kluver and Robert Rauschenberg requested the working relation of 30-man engineer at Bell Laboratories, seeking their involvement in an inter-disciplinary project where avant-garde theatre, dance and new technologies were blended together. The artists involved were John Cage, Lucinda Childs, Oyvind Fahlstrom, Alex Hay, Deborah Hay, Steve Paxton, Yvonne Rainer, Robert Rauschenberg, David Tudor and Robert Whitman. These artists were paired with engineers to produce technical components on the podium used by the participants. It was indeed a break through adventure in the field of Art and technology. Billy Kluver, farther of ‘Experiments in Art and technology’ Reference http://www. fondation-langlois. org/html/e/page. php? NumPage=306 The Man Who Made a Match of Technology and Art

The International Style in Architecture

The International Style in Architecture From the 1920s until 1930s, the international style has gained its popularity globally, and it is expressed in all kinds of expressions, including the expression of volume rather than mass, where the spaces have more priority than the solidity of the building. There is also a stress on balance rather than symmetry, where the function of different parts of the building is arranged in balance, and the shape and form of the building is unlikely to be in symmetry. The international style also presents itself by regular and basic geometric forms, open interiors and the choice of materials such as glass, steel, and reinforced concretes. It is read as the style that broke free from the conventional style of architecture, where the buildings are of simplicity and without decorations and ornaments without specific function. The style is most adopted in the design of skyscrapers, where the faà §ade is made up of structural steel and glass as the envelope. The floor plans are always logical, functional and balanced in the sense that the whole building has the same usage rate all over. Few of the most pioneering architects in international style are Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe himself. One thing that relates closely to the international style is the modern architecture, or known as the modern movement. Modern architecture uses materials similar to the international style, which is mostly of steel, glass and concrete. It is also a style that explores more abstract forms of a building, and always played with space and light to enhance the quality of space. Buildings of this kind of architecture also favor the use of only grey, black, white and off-white in their facades. Form follows function is one of the famous maxims that follow the modern movement, which stressed the utility of the building rather than just on the exterior aesthetic. It was said that, the aesthetic from the simplicity in design is more significant than those with unnecessary ornamentations. Ludwig Mies van der Rohes biography Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was born the youngest of five children in Aachen, Germany on March 27, 1886. He did an apprenticeship as a bricklayer and worked in his fathers stone-cutting shop, gaining valuable experience that later on helped him much in doing architecture. Before leaving his family and hometown, Mies worked for several local design firms and gained some experience. At the age of nineteen (1905), he moved to Berlin and worked under Bruno Pauls interior design office. It was then he was exposed to and worked on furniture designs. Miess architectural career started at the age of 22 when he enroll himself as Peter Behrens apprentice (1908-1912), learning together with Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier. An architect specialized in designing factories and houses, Peter Behrens taught Mies through exploring modern design theories and exploiting his own talent in doing architecture. It was during this time Mies received his first commission, a private residence for a professor at the university in Berlin. After his apprenticeship was finished, Mies worked for the German Embassy in Saint Petersburg, Russia as one of the construction manager. Soon, his talent was recognized and steadily embarked on his own professional career in architecture. To celebrate his rapid transformation from a craftsman to an established architect, he adopted his mothers surname van der Rohe which is what people known of him now. 1912-1914, Mies worked as an independent architect until he was called to serve the army. Mies was enrolled into the military service during the World War One (1915), only to participate in construction companies and exempted from all the battles. The war changed how Mies perceive architecture, and how he conveys it in his designs. Previously designing more towards neoclassical approach, Mies then has the intention to express his ideas of the modern era and revolution through architecture. Still designing conventional residential units in Germany, Mies started to explore futuristic and modern design approach, producing several proposals that made him recognized as one of the most potential progressive architect, although the proposals were not built at all. Examples of the proposal are the competition proposal for the FriedrichstraÃŽÂ ²e skyscraper in 1921 and the Glass Skyscraper in 1922, both with ornaments totally ripped off from the faà §ade. Soon, he also adds in futuristic furniture into his designed spaces to create a modern environment as a whole. In August 1930 Mies became the director of Bauhaus in Dessau upon the request from Walter Gropius. The Nazis then forced him to end the government-financed institute. Felt restricted from furthering his intention in architecture, Mies moved to United States in 1937. Living in Chicago, Mies was offered and served as the head of department for the Illinois Institute of Technology. There, he had the chance to further develop his own steel and glass structure style by designing the new buildings and master plan for the department building. Mies became an official American citizen at 1944. His architectural ideas and projects soon gave impact to the locals and with the20th century new style of expressing architecture, Miess idea eventually merged into the local Americans culture, and soon the global culture. His style was imitated extravagantly but none of it is compatible with his original creation. Some of Miess crowing works during his lifetime are the Barcelona Pavilion the Tugendhat House, the Crown Hall (home of the architecture department, IIT), the Farnsworth House, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive, the Seagram Building, the New National Gallery, the Toronto-Dominion Centre and etc. Miess pioneering intention and project works were also been recognized officially by several awards, namely the Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1959, the AIA Gold Medal in 1960, and the J. Lloyd Kimbrough Medal in 196. The American Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963 was awarded to Mies, and he was the first architect to receive that award in history. Mies lead some other awards too, they are the prizes from the city of Munich and the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and from the Bund Deutscher Architekten in 1966. Mies was the first recipient of the prizes. Mies passed away at the age of 83 in Chicago, on August 17, 1969. After cremation, his ashes were buried in the Chicagos Graceland Cemetery. Ludwig Mies van der Rohes philosophy I felt that it must be possible to harmonize the old and the new in our civilization. Each of my buildings was a statement of this idea and a further step in my search for clarity. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe For over the first half of the 20th century, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was famous for his philosophy less is more, and his skin and bone style of building design. Mies favors the use of simple rectilinear and planar form in his building designs. He is not interested in inventing new forms, rather, preferred to present buildings as clear and simple structures in terms of construction and the current technology. He expressed these ideas in these words: It is absurd to invent arbitrary forms, historical and modernistic forms, which are not determined by construction, the true guardian of the spirit of the times. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe To him, attention should be put on the construction of structure itself, and that structure is composed of elements that relates to each other, or a form constructed with all details perfectly planned. Mies is very concern about the properties of building materials, and favors the use of luxurious and expensive materials in expressing his simplicity and elegancy in building design and despised ornamentation that are functionless and deceiving. These intentions can be further traced from his words: The unswerving determination to dispense with all accessories and to make only what is essential the object of the creative work, the determination to confine oneself to clear structure alone is not a limitation but a great help. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Ludwid Mies van der Rohes lifelong effort had developed a new era in architecture world. Along with le Corbusier and Walter Gropius, the international style became an identity of the times. Besides that, Mies also experiments with new materials and their potentials. He favors the use of materials which can be industrially manufactured, light weight, weatherproof, soundproof and insulating. Mies also opt to produce all parts of building material in factory so that he can save construction cost. Less manpower is needed on site as compared to the traditional construction method because only the assembly of precast parts takes place on site. As one of the pioneer in developing and introducing the Modern Movement, or so called the International Style, Mies did not discover this piece of theory or principle over night. Through experience and his own perception or point of view towards the conventional design styles, along with some inspiration from other architects ideas and opinions about the traditional architecture, Mies soon developed his own style in expressing his favorite quote, less is more. Several expressive art and design thinking that broke out at the time also influenced how Mies sees and conveys his own style in architecture. One of the most prominent is Adolf Loos, who declared that ornament is a crime, similar to what Mies had in mind. Adolf Loos too, despised the unnecessary and meaningless ornaments that hide the true beauty of a building. Adolf Loos also has the idea that, out of the most simple and humble forms of modern building, we can find the elegancy and nobility that are most outstanding of all. This particular piece of idea was what Mies admired and impressed of. Some other conceptual influence such as the Russian Constructivism and the Dutch De Stijl group with their principle in using industrialized modern materials in constructing a structure and using simple rectilinear, straight forward combination of planes and openings, and simple use of pure colour in design too, impressed and affected how Mies do in architecture. The Seagram Building The Seagram Building Less is more. It is Mies van der Rohes functional architecture philosophy, potrayed in the Seagram Building. Many people, including Mies himself, assume the Seagram Building as one of his crowning masterpiece. The Seagram Building is a more complete and refined piece of work as compare to the in Chicago finished in 1951. Mies van der Rohe adopted most of the latters design element and reassemble them, creating a better planned and more detailed building out of the Seagram Building. Both buildings have glass enclosed lobby, raised tower, slab marquee, and continuous pavement, only that they are more refined in the Seagram Building. The Seagram Building was designed in collaboration with Phillip Johnson, a well known American architect. Phillip took care of most of the interior designs in the building and even their material choice. The Severud Associated was the structural engineering consultants while Kahn Jacobs were the associate architects, in charged of the technical drawings. The building is designed for office use, with the design concept of minimalism, simplicity and honesty based on the technology of the time. Being the most expensive building at the time, the Seagram Building cost a total of 4.1 million pound plus a 5 million for the building parcel. The fact that Mies dislikes unnecessary ornaments to the building, he put a lot of attention material wise, which cost a 3.2 million pound. Upon completion, the building used up some 1500 tons of bronze and other expensive materials of high quality such as marble and travertine. The interior was extravagantly decorated too, designed to have glass and bronze finishing and decoration scheme to express the building as a unified whole. Located at 375 Park Avenue, New York City, the 516-foot (517m) tall, 38-storey Seagram Building was design as the new headquarter for the Seagrams Company Ltd, replacing the old one at Montreal, Canada. Samuel Bronfman, the owner of the building, was persuaded by his daughter, the architect Phyllis Lambert to commission Mies for the project. Phyllis said, Mies draws you in. You have to go deeper. You might think this is austere strength, this ugly beauty, is terribly severe. It is, and yet all the more beauty in it. Architecture And true enough, the Seagram Building, upon its completion of construction in 1958, immediately gained its fame globally, for the outstanding international style, and how Mies express his idea of modern architecture so detailed and sophisticatedly. Built out of the International Style, the characteristic of the building is to express the structure of the building externally. This style then influenced the American architecture style greatly, leading to mass production of similar skyscrapers in the area. The strength of the style is that the functional utility of the buildings structure elements, when made visible as the facade, are able to express greater aesthetic value than any additional building embellishments. A buildings structural elements should be visible, Mies thought. The Seagram Building was built put of steel frame structure and non-structural glass walls hung in between. Mies preferred the stee l frame to be visible, but the American building codes required all structural steel to be covered in fireproof materials, usually concrete, because improperly protected steel columns or beams may soften and fail in confined fires. To add in the concrete part totally opposes Miess design intention, thus he came out with the idea of using non-structural bronze-toned I-beams to create a sense of structure from the facade. Thus, the facade shows the mullion-like beams running vertically surrounding the large glass windows. People from the street will see the unreal tinted-bronze structure, which covers the real one. Since then, the method of construction using an interior reinforced concrete shell to support a larger non-structural covering has been widely used in other buildings. Corner detail of the Seagram building Mies wanted the facade to look organized and to have a uniform appearance, thus the interesting window blinds he installed. He designed the window blinds in a way that they can only be adjusted into three positions, that are either fully closed or opened, and half way opened. This design overcame the problem of the irregularity seen from outside the building, which Mies dislikes. The Seagram Building combines a steel moment frame and a steel and reinforced concrete core for lateral stiffness. The concrete core shear walls extended up to the 17th floor, and diagonal core bracing extending up to the 29th floor. According to Severud Associates, the structural engineering consultants, the Seagram Building is the first tall building using high strength bolted connections, the first to combine a braced frame with a moment frame, one of the pioneers to use a vertical truss bracing system and the first skyscraper adopting a composite steel and concrete lateral frame. The Seagram Building is set back from the street by ninety feet and thirty on the side, the setting back of the building from the street creates a granite forecourt which eventually became an urban open space in town, achieving Miess initial intention of doing so. The forecourt is decorated by reflecting pools and low boundary in green marbles, which are designs taken from Miess previous Pavilion of Barcelona (1929). The low polished granite north and south walls made of dark green marbles that slopes gently towards Lexington Avenue are one of the favorite seating place in that area. The two rectangular reflecting pools are located at the north and south ends of the plaza. Previously, a huge Henry Moore sculpture was placed off-center, and then replaced by several sculptures one after another. View to the west from the lobby of the seagram building, showing the Racquet and Tennis Club across Park Avenue The Seagram Buildings plaza is believed to prompt the enacting of the 1916 Zoning Resolution of New York City. Seeing the success of the plaza as a popular gathering place for the public, the government encourages the installation of privately owned public spaces by offering incentives to the developers involved. However, the resolution did not show much success. William H. Whyte, an American sociologist, took the Seagram Buildings plaza as his site for a landmark planning study. Produced in conjunction with the Municipal Art Society of New York, the film Social Life of Small New York plots the daily routine of the public socializing and using the plaza area. The objective is to compare how the public use the space and the intention of the architect that designs the space. Designed by Philip Johnson, the Four Seasons Restaurant was one of the most elegant design and one of the citys most expensive restaurants, competent enough to locate itself in the Seagram Building. All of its retail frontage was designed to face the avenue and suggests discretion. Thus, the building appears more personalized yet institutional, disagreeing speculations and commercialism. The restaurant has a large entrance. Upon entering, a staircase then leads to a dining room at the south, and a bar in the south base wing of the building. A corridor stretches the restaurant to the north base wing. There, a huge work of Pablo Picasso is hung, namely The Three-Cornered Hat. The walls and floor are made up of travertine. The upper part of the wall of the dining room is decorated with expensive French walnut panels with high quality. A Richard Lippold brass sculpture found in the room appears floating in the space. A dining balcony and a private dining room can be found in the east end of the restaurant. The north dining room has a different approach as compared to the south dining room. It has more landscaping elements and a large square pool at the centre. Similarity is that both rooms have large windows, along with long chain curtains that highlights the glistening of the water pool and the Lippold sculpture. However, the south dining room is comparatively more popular among visitors than the north dining room, which is relatively more nicely decorated. Some said that it is simply because; visitors have to pass through the south wing to reach the north dining room. Thus most people prefer the south dining room so that they can see everyone entering the restaurant, provided they stayed long enough. The restaurant has gained its fame as the citys most expensive and high class dining place. It is also its highlight that the restaurant changes its menu seasonally. An Abstract Expressionist painter, Mark Rothko was initially commissioned to draw murals for the restaurant, but he decided to give up on the project because he felt that his art is not suitable for the space. Another restaurant is found in the basement, namely the Brasserie Restaurant. The entrance is on the 53rd street. This restaurant claimed its name that it is opened for 24 hours a day. This restaurant is relatively more affordable than the Four Seasons Restaurant, and it offers a nice experience at its entrance. Going down a flight of stairs, the visitors can enjoy the whole brightly lit space with many Picasso art pieces. Seagram Building Commentary The inescapable drama of the Seagram Building in a city already dramatic with crowded skyscrapers lies in its unbroken height of bronze and dark glass juxtaposed to a granite-paved plaza below. The siting of the building on Park Avenue, an indulgence in open space unprecedented in midtown Manhattan real estate, has given that building an aura of special domain. The commercial office building in this instance has been endowed with a monumentality without equal in the civic and religious architecture of our time.The use of extruded bronze mullions and bronze spandrels together with a dark amber-tinted glass has unified the surface with color.The positioning of the Seagram Building on the site and its additive forms at the rear, which visually tie the building to adjacent structures, make for a frontal-oriented composition. The tower is no longer an isolated form. It addresses itself to the context of the city. -A. James Speyer. Mies van der Rohe. p30. The Creators Words Skyscrapers reveal their bold structural pattern during construction. Only then does the gigantic steel web seem impressive. When the outer walls are put in place, the structural system, which is the basis of all artistic design, is hidden by a chaos of meaningless and trivial formsInstead of trying to solve old problems with these old forms we should develop new forms from the very nature of the new problems. We can see the new structural principles most clearly when we use glass in place of the outer walls, which is feasible today since in a skeleton building these outer walls do not carry weight. The use of glass imposes new solutions. -Mies van der Rohe. from Martin Pawley, introduction and notes. Library of Contemporary Architects: Mies van der Rohe. p12. Conclusion It is no doubt that the Seagram Building is one of the most iconic indications of the success of the international style and its architect, Mies van der Rohe. Thoughtout his life, Mies explored and introduced his construction method in skyscrapers and successfully gained the fame for his courage and innovation. Following this is the imitation of his skin and bone construction all over America, and then globally and the construction of glass and steel structures. Yet, none of the latter creations are compatible with his work in terms of detailing and functional planning of the space. This can be traced form one of his famous quotes, God is in the details. To him, design simplicity and structural detail is the perfect combination to convey his style in architecture. Mies also favor the use of expensive and top grade materials such as bronze, travertine, marble, plate glass, steel and etc. Thus his buildings are all elegant and classy although the design might be as simple.

The Sixties Scoop in Canada

Critical Social Work School of Social Work University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor, Ont. Canada N9B 3P4 Email: [email  protected] ca Website: http://www. uwindsor. ca/criticalsocialwork/ Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information can be found at: http://uwindsor. ca/criticalsocialwork The online version of this article can be found at at: http://uwindsor. ca/criticalsocialwork/the http://uwindsor. ca/criticalsocialwork/the-sixties-scoop-implications-for-social-workers workers-andsocial-work-educationCritical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11 o. 1 11, Online publication date: May 2010 53 Alston-O’Connor The Sixties Scoop: Implications for Social Workers and Social Work Education Critical Social Work 11(1) Emily Alston-O’Connor, BSW Abstract This paper examines issues concerning First Nations peoples and the child welfare system, and their implications for social work today. It explores the Sixties Scoop to illustrate the devast ating impact such policies and practices had on Aboriginal children, families and communities. Cultural genocide is part of this legacy.To deliver more culturally appropriate services, awareness about and acknowledgement of these mistakes can assist social workers to incorporate a social justice perspective into their practice with Aboriginal clients. As well, implications for social work education regarding professional training, curriculum content and course delivery by Aboriginal faculty members are highlighted The Sixties Scoop: Implications for Social Workers and Social Work Education Religious leaders and the government of Canada have apologized to First Nations peoples for the abusive experiences they endured in the residential school ystem. However, the closure of the residential schools did not end the attempt to assimilate Aboriginal children into mainstream Anglo-Canadian society through separation from their families. A sudden acceleration in child welfare workers removi ng Native children from their Aboriginal communities coincided with the dismantling of the church run education system. As the next painful chapter in the history of the colonization of Canada’s Aboriginal peoples, the Sixties Scoop quickly evolved into an aggressive tool for assimilation and cultural genocide.Its legacy has implications for social work practice today. Origins of the Sixties Scoop Governments in the mid 20th century viewed Aboriginal people as â€Å"child-like creatures in constant need of the paternal care of the government. With guidance, they would gradually abandon their superstitious beliefs and barbaric behaviour and adopt civilization† (Titley, 1992, p. 36). Segregated day and residential schools had failed to meet the goals of assimilation: most former students did not embrace the Euro-Canadian identity.The Parliamentary committee examining the Indian Act between 1946 and 1948 rejected the existing policy and proposed Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 54 Alston-O’Connor instead the integration of young Indians into public schools (Titley, 1992). Concurrently, the Department of Indian Affairs created agreements with the provinces to take primary responsibility for children’s general welfare within their own provincial agencies (Armitage, 1995). As residential schools became discredited, the child welfare system became the new agent of assimilation and colonization (Johnson, 1983).Returning to their reserves and bands, many residential school students felt alienated and overwhelmed. Growing up in the residential school system, Aboriginal children were not given role models to look up to. They were not shown affection nor taught how to love or care for others. They had few traditional child-rearing skills from their own parents and relatives to rely on (Armitage, 1995). This had detrimental effects on the families of survivors of the residential schools for the generations of children who followed (Four nier and Crey, 1997).During the era of the Sixties Scoop, Kulusic (2005) suggests that â€Å"power, privilege and poverty are complexly related to the disproportionate number of Aboriginal children who were removed from their own communities† (p. 26). Unfamiliar with extended family child-rearing practices and communal values, government social service workers attempted to ‘rescue’ children from their Aboriginal families and communities, devastating children’s lives and furthering the destitution of many families.Culture and ethnicity were not taken into consideration as it was assumed that the child, being pliable, would take on the heritage and culture of the foster/adoptive parents (Armitage, 1995). The forced removal of children and youth from their Native communities has been linked with social problems such as â€Å"high suicide rate, sexual exploitation, substance use and abuse, poverty, low educational achievement and chronic unemployment† ( Lavell-Harvard and Lavell, 2006, p. 144).Newly designated funds from the federal to the provincial governments were â€Å"the primary catalysts for state involvement in the well-being of Aboriginal children†¦as Ottawa guaranteed payment for each child apprehended† (Lavell-Harvard and Lavell, 2006, p. 145). Exporting Aboriginal children to the United States was common practice. Private American adoption agencies paid Canadian child welfare services $5,000 to $10,000 per child (LavellHarvard and Lavell, 2006). These agencies rarely went beyond confirming the applicant’s ability to pay, resulting in minimal screening and monitoring of foster or adoptive parents (Fournier and Crey, 1997).In 1959, only one percent of all children in care were of Native ancestry. By the late 1960s, â€Å"30 to 40 percent of all legal wards of the state in Canada were Aboriginal children, even though they formed less than 4 percent of the national population† (Fournier and Crey, 1 997, p. 83). At the height of the Scoop, one in four status Indian children were separated from his or her parents for all or part of their childhood; for non-status and Metis children, one in three spent part of their childhood as a legal ward of the state (Fournier and Crey, 1997).Social welfare policies allowed government agencies to â€Å"continue to remove Aboriginal children from their homes and communities and damage Aboriginal culture and traditions all the while claiming to act in the best interest of the child† (Johnson, 1983, p. 24). The permanent removal of thousands of Aboriginal children during the Sixties Scoop laid the foundation for more complex, destructive effects on First Nations communities and culture with repercussions extending beyond their lifetimes. Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 1, No. 1 55 Alston-O’Connor Cultural Genocide and Loss of Identity The loss of their children caused irrevocable mental, emotional and spiritual harm to individuals, families and communities. â€Å"Indian children were taken away like souvenirs by professionals who were supposed to be helping the whole family† (Fournier and Crey, 1997, p. 91). The actions of child welfare workers destabilized traditional First Nations culture, quickly stereotyping Aboriginal women as unfit mothers and living off the land as uncivilized.Welfare agencies played a very important role in â€Å"defining, transmitting and shaping what were seen as legitimate or normal cultural expectations and practices† (Ward, 1984, p. 22). The acceptable home criteria reflected a nuclear, middle class lifestyle. Once an Aboriginal child was placed, social agencies did not offer support to the newly formed families even though research has shown that transracial adoption is more problematic because children lose their cultural heritage and their true identity (Kulusic, 2005).Permanent estrangement from one’s roots was inherent in the Sixties Scoop adoption struc ture. Aboriginal names, like postal codes, signify which First Nations their family belongs to (Cuthand, 2007). With legal adoptions, children’s birth family names disappeared as the adoptive surname was issued on all records. Sealing their case files erased any past family history and made repatriation nearly impossible for the adopted child and their grieving families. Some reserves lost almost an entire generation of their children to the welfare system (Johnson, 1983).Many children were placed in distant communities, exported to other provinces or across the US border to the homes of middle class white families (Kulusic, 2005). Scattering children across the continent undermined identification with the close-knit traditional Aboriginal culture and destroyed its kinship network. The legal rights of Aboriginal children were forgotten. With the erasure of their ancestry, the knowledge of being a treaty Indian child was suppressed. Special privileges available as a result of their Native status were lost through the apprehension and adoption process (Kimmelman, 1985).In accordance with treaty rights, one might expect that child welfare agencies would place the child in a culturally appropriate environment, focused on healthy development as an Aboriginal child. Such considerations were routinely ignored (Kimmelman, 1985). This large-scale removal of Aboriginal children to non-native families throughout the 1960s and 1970s damaged the cultural legacy of all First Nations peoples. The long-term implementation and destructive intergenerational impacts of Canadian government policies during the Sixties Scoop are consistent with the United Nations definition for cultural genocide.Article 2 of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide defines genocide as, â€Å"any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing mem bers of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group† (Office of the High Commissioner). Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 56 Alston-O’Connor Under the misguided goal of assimilation, Aboriginal children were forcibly relocated to non-Aboriginal communities. Placements with families who could not offer socialization within an Aboriginal framework of traditional knowledge and pride of heritage destroyed one of the most important intergenerational processes for cultural knowledge and continuity. Individual Suffering and the Plight of the Family Many of the legal adoptions throughout the 1960s and 1970s were unsuccessful.Alienated children became runaways, turned to street life for s upport and experienced an overwhelming sense of lost identity, â€Å"a sense of social isolation greater than that which they had experienced in the church-run schools† (York, 1990, p. 205). Anxiety and culture shock were common after moving from remote, rural areas into suburban settings to live with strangers. Many children had difficulties developing attachments to their new parents, had an inability to connect and were distrustful (York, 1990). Some adults, adopted as children, reported physical, sexual and emotional abuses. Others were even treated as domestic servants (Fournier and Crey, 1997). Children are so highly valued in Aboriginal culture that those without children are considered disadvantaged (Johnson, 1983).Research confirms that Native families who â€Å"approached child care agencies in search of help for funds to supply food and shelter ended up losing their children †¦ Often times they were only offered one option: to relinquish custody of the childà ¢â‚¬  (Kimmelman, 1985, p. 196). Problems of alcoholism, emotional stress and low selfesteem were compounded with the increased formal scrutiny and likelihood that other children would be removed from the family (Johnson, 1983). The actions of the social welfare agencies â€Å"weakened the traditional family structure, and in doing so, weakened Aboriginal society as a whole† (Johnson, 1983, p. 61). Implications for Social Work Practice Today Client Contexts The impact of the Sixties Scoop is multi-layered.Understanding the specific nature of this colonial oppression of Aboriginal peoples requires current social workers to incorporate a social justice perspective when addressing specific issues with Aboriginal clients. It provides insight into how the colonizing process has pressured people to â€Å"detach from who they are but left them with no means to alleviate the pressure† (Hart, 2007, p. 27). In our role as counselors, this framework gives us the ability to rejec t assessment tools that merely label, personalize and pathologize individual expression and relate these problems to the larger socio-political reality (Hart, 2007). We are better prepared to identify how media stereotypes and social prejudices translate into everyday life for thousands of First Nations people.As Fournier and Crey (1997) note, the current generation is suffering the effects of hundreds of years of colonialist public policies. By situating the client’s presenting problem in a societal context, we set the stage to identify strategies to offset the impoverishing effects of these social justice issues. As social workers, it is our ethical duty to look beyond individual risk factors and to change society’s foundational inequalities and constraints (CASW, 2005). One of the ways to address the power imbalance between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal culture is to incorporate Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 57 Alston-O’Connor Indigenous knowledge .Battiste (2002) argues it can only be fully learned and understood when learned in context, taught through Indigenous teaching methods, including sharing circles, experiential learning, meditation, prayer, ceremonies and story-telling. Thus social workers must become familiar with and support traditional healing processes. Hart (2007) believes â€Å"†¦ if the helping professions respected Aboriginal perspectives, they would incorporate methodologies which directly address the effects of genocide, colonization and oppression. † (p. 31). Native Elders have been speaking about relationships between individuals, families, communities and the world around them for generations. They can serve as role models for positive growth and well being (Hart, 2007).Their wisdom and knowledge can contribute support, direction and spiritual resources to aid both individual and collective problem solving and healing. Social workers must take an active role in encouraging direct participati on in rituals and ceremonies with First Nations clients. The blessing of an event, attending a sweat lodge or going to a sharing circle establish oneness within the group and have symbolic importance. Spirituality and connecting with one’s roots play a powerful role in building a strong sense of Aboriginal identity and hope. These practices are not part of a theoretical approach designed by academics to help Indigenous Peoples.They are meaningful expressions of Aboriginal culture and need to be recognized as valid approaches within the helping process. Effective social work practice must support the self-determination of clients to choose traditional approaches and must not be limited by textbook theory or policy driven programs to resolve issues (Hart, 2007). Culturally Appropriate Practice Analysing the impacts of the Sixties Scoop is essential to changing the social realities for Aboriginal peoples today. Practicing from an anti-oppressive philosophy, our mandate includes identifying stereotyping and over generalizing. Misperceiving traditional practices can have a negative effect on the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal working relationship.To counteract the colonial mentality of our Anglo-Canadian society, social workers must become knowledgeable about Aboriginal perspectives and how they are reflected in traditional and urban Aboriginal culture. Past personal and generational experiences are important as well as present events that will affect future generations (Hart, 2007). Social workers who work with Aboriginal clients must respect and appreciate their worldview. Openness and sensitivity to nuances related to culture, education, and ways of communicating are essential skills. Individuals must be self aware and alert to the possibility that the social workers’ own life experiences will affect the way they view this population (Levin and Herbert, 2004).Positive cultural attributes such as intergenerational strength of spirit and collective re silience are qualities to celebrate and build upon when social workers partner in the journey toward Aboriginal healing and community renewal. The cultural view of the collective is a core Aboriginal belief that affects social work practice. First Nations culture and communities place an honourable emphasis on kin and its strengths and meaning. Immediate family often includes extended family members and distant relatives. The community is seen as another extension of the family and needs to be included in any healing process. It is crucial to be aware of this collective belief and its manifestations within the community as it affects the language, the terminology and the focus used by the social Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 58 Alston-O’Connor orker with the client and their relatives when discussing issues and communicating about programs and options. Trust issues may be a concern when working with First Nations peoples. Research findings by Levin and Herbert (20 04) identified fear and a lack of trust in health care settings due to discrimination and stigmatizing actions. They also reported that Aboriginal women, in particular, lacked trust in health care workers, be it doctors or social workers, due to the inexperience of workers, lack of communication with patients, cultural insensitivity, and absence of knowledge or understanding of Native healing practices (Levin and Herbert, 2004).Often service providers have inadequate information about the experiences of living in poverty or the needs, perspectives, cultures and traditions of First Nations clients. Mistrust has grown out of lived experiences such as the Sixties Scoop. Lack of understanding of this influencing factor creates substantial barriers to the establishment of a trust-based relationship between service providers and clients. This lack of trust has implications when trying to develop or implement community based initiatives as trust is vital to its success (Levin and Herbert, 2004). Legacy Lessons The destructive effects of the Sixties Scoop have important lessons for social workers today.Past mistakes in terms of the cultural context of First Nations children in care must not be repeated. Social workers uphold the fundamental child welfare principle that children should not be removed from their families solely on the basis of poverty. However, this core principle has not been equitably applied in provincial child welfare practices towards First Nations parents and children. The overrepresentation of First Nations children in care continues to be placed in nonAboriginal families (MacDonald and MacDonald, 2007). Caucasian families without cultural supports for Aboriginal children in their care may be unaware of how to address issues such as racism, prejudice and loss.As noted by Sinclair (2007) â€Å"†¦several studies found that a positive parental attitude towards the child’s ethnic group, as well as some form of social involvement with tha t ethnic group in the family’s life is significantly correlated with a child’s positive adjustment and positive sense of identity† (p. 70). While pride in the child’s Aboriginal heritage can be encouraged when specific cultural involvement plans are in place, many agencies and communities do not have the personnel to share these traditions and values. In some regions, cultural identity considerations have led to the development of policies that prioritize placement with extended family members or with foster care providers within the same community when children are removed from their parental home (McKenzie and Morrissette, 2003).The ongoing development of culturally appropriate child welfare services needs to include provisions for personal involvement with Aboriginal heritage languages, cultural traditions and values if apprehended children are to avoid the alienation and identity loss experienced by Aboriginal children from the Sixties Scoop. Professio nal Training It is clear that the social work profession and the Schools of Social Work have not been ‘neutral’ in the education and training that produced past social workers (MacDonald and MacDonald, 2007). Social workers’ Euro-centric assumptions sanctioned the destructive role of child welfare agencies in relationship to Aboriginal culture. The government’s assimilation goals Critical Social Work, 2010 Vol. 11, No. 1 59 Alston-O’Connor for First Nations peoples were congruent with the professional criteria for â€Å"the best interests of the child† during the Sixties Scoop.MacDonald and MacDonald (2007) note that social work education programs today play a key role within the colonizing mentality of child welfare agencies. â€Å"Through a social justice lens, the Schools of Social Work need to examine their role in the colonial processes that continue to impact on First Nations people in this country† (MacDonald and MacDonald, 2007 , p 43). Social workers can be pro-active in calling for changes in their professional faculties. It is important to consider the method in which social work students are receiving their education. Tensions and stereotypes must be discussed openly. While the Sixties Scoop may be a potential factor in many of our clients’ lives, it is also one in many of our social work students’ lives. There is a need for supports to reflect on the needs of all Aboriginal students including those who know their culture, and those who are new to their culture, as well as those who practice tradition and those who were raised within the church† (Clark, Drolet, Arnouse, Walton, Rene’ Tamburro, & Mathews, 2009, p. 305). Culturally relevant education, training and curriculum development are critical to help inform empowering approaches. The inclusion of Elders in the field education programs, incorporation of spirituality and ceremony into all classrooms and an emphasis on Abor iginal leaders facilitating these practices can provide deeper insight into the Aboriginal culture and its rich history. In addition to First Nations child welfare agencies and National First Nations organizations, the schools of Social Work need to play an active role in the development of culturally appropriate social work education (MacDonald and MacDonald, 2007).They need to ensure that Aboriginal faculty teach decolonizing practices to all social work students. Recommendations on how to make the curriculum and the Schools of Social Work more reflective of and relevant to First Nations students’ needs must be implemented. As well, social worker associations need to advocate for future social work graduates to be equipped to partner with the Aboriginal community in their work toward social justice. During the Sixties Scoop, the basic principles of intrinsic human value and the right to self-determination were erased by a government intent on cultural genocide. By forcibly reassigning First Nations children to non-Aboriginal families, kinship affiliations were obliterated.Its multi-generational legacy of grief and loss in relation to family, identity, culture, heritage and community profoundly is still being felt today. As agents of child apprehension, social workers must examine their role in this tragedy and in the colonization of Aboriginal peoples. A commitment to implementing culturally relevant social work practice with First Nations clients is essential for the profession. We have the opportunity to critically evaluate current issues and to partner with members of the Aboriginal community in identifying best practices to challenge the myriad of social, political and personal issues that resulted from the Sixties Scoop.As progressive agents for social justice, it is one of our responsibilities to create changes to ensure that Aboriginal peoples and their communities have the appropriate resources to flourish and grow. 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